In the process of high temperature deep well drilling，water based drilling fluid is prone to problems such as sharp increase in fluid loss and deterioration of performance，which seriously affects wellbore stability and drilling safety. Therefore，the research on high temperature fluid loss control mechanism and materials has become a critical issue in current oil and gas drilling engineering. This review summarizes the influencing factors and mechanism of high temperature fluid loss of water based drilling fluids，analyzes the synergistic effects of temperature，pressure，and formation conditions on leak off performance，and reveals the underlying mechanisms of clay particle aggregation，polymer molecular chain degradation，and mud cake structure disruption under high temperature conditions. On this basis，the research progress of high temperature fluid loss control materials in recent years is discussed，including the functional design，synthesis methods and performance optimization strategies of modified natural polymers，high temperature polymers，sulfonated materials，and nanocomposite materials. The high temperature stability and fluid loss control effect of four kinds of fluid loss reducer are compared. The problems of ultra-high temperature adaptability，environmental protection and economy are summarized，and the future development directions of extreme environment resistance，green sustainability and intelligent design synergy are prospected. This review provides theoretical insights and technical support for the development and application of fluid loss control materials for high temperature drilling fluids.